Selective breeding was practiced by the Romans. Future warming increases probability of globally synchronized maize production shocks. What will the world be like. [24] A 7% increase in growth was recorded per generation for rainbow trout by Kause et al. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.[7]. However, single-trait breeding, breeding for only one trait over all others, can be problematic. 92, pp. For example, plant breeders can identify and characterize genetic sources of resistance to stripe rust, a fungal disease that infects wheat plants. After selectively breeding the fish for four generations, spawning dates were 13–15 days earlier. Since artificial selection reduces variation in a population, breeders must be careful that their selectively bred organisms do not become too susceptible to diseases or to environmental changes. The challenges of pedigree dog health: approaches to combating inherited disease. 115, pp. Kirpichnikov et al. At the end of the experiment, artificially selected C. virginica showed a 34–48% higher survival rate. Janssens, Luc, et al. Selective breeding can be used to produce tastier fruits and vegetables, crops with greater resistance to pests, and larger animals that can be used for meat. The term “artificial selection” was coined by Charles Darwin in his famous work on evolution, On the Origin of Species, but the practice itself predates Darwin by thousands of years. He noted the idea in his book titled India, which included various examples.[6]. This was evident in selective breeding programs for growth rate, which resulted in slow growth and high mortality. The forester leaves those branches which he perceives to be excellent, whilst he cuts away all others. A selective breeding program at Cork harbour uses broodstock from 3– to 4-year-old survivors and is further controlled until a viable percentage reaches market size. Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while domesticated plants are known as varieties, cultigens, cultivars, or breeds. He also bred the Improved Black Cart horse, which later became the Shire horse. Schaperclaus (1962) showed resistance to the dropsy disease wherein selected lines suffered low mortality (11.5%) compared to unselected (57%).[32]. ), Proceedings ofWorld Symposium on Selection, Hybridization, and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Bordeaux 27–30 May 1986, vol. Selective breeding is a direct way to determine if a specific trait can evolve in response to selection. Through inbreeding, two closely related organisms reproduce to yield a purebred with desired traits. CABI. High fecundity in both sexes fish and shellfish enabling higher selection intensity. [39], Selection for growth in Penaeid shrimps yielded successful results. Canine Genet Epidemiol. This higher response to selection of aquatic farmed species can be attributed to the following: Selective breeding in aquaculture provide remarkable economic benefits to the industry, the primary one being that it reduces production costs due to faster turnover rates. Selective breeding was established as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. - "/int/ - International" is 4chan's international board, for the exchange of foreign language and culture. Oceanos S.A. in Colombia selected the survivors of the disease from infected ponds and used them as parents for the next generation. [45], Process by which humans use animal and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits, Aquatic species versus terrestrial livestock. All are welcome, beginners and experts alike. [1] Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids. Selective Breeding. Its first chapter discusses selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeons, cats, cattle, and dogs. (1974)[29] and Babouchkine (1987)[30] selected carp for fast growth and tolerance to cold, the Ropsha carp. After one generation, a 21% increase was observed in growth and 18.4% increase in survival to TSV. Controlled mating instances are difficult to carry out in this case and this is a necessary component of selective breeding. The agriculturist selects his corn, letting grow as much as he requires, and tearing out the remainder. In animal breeding, techniques such as inbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing are utilized. 2018, vol. process by which humans control the breeding of organisms in order to exhibit or eliminate a particular characteristic La sélection d'une carpe résistant à l'hiver. [42] The Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) causes mortalities of 70% or more in shrimps. Also, because of the necessity of selective breeding experiments to require maintaining the organisms tested in a lab or greenhouse, it is impractical to use this breeding method on many organisms. Genome Biol. 7 Fruits and Veggies That Used to Look a Whole Lot Different Than They Do Today, Pariah Dogs: 9 Ancient and Wild Dog Breeds, Genetic Engineering vs. Tigchelaar, Michelle, et al. The bees kill those of their kind who only eat, but do not work in their beehive. Partly a human selective breeding program, partly a massive child kidnapping policy, it was another dark chapter in the history of the Third Reich. Gjedrem (1979) showed that selection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) led to an increase in body weight by 30% per generation. How has genetic engineering changed plant and animal breeding? [17] Applying such genetic improvement program to aquaculture species will increase productivity to meet the increasing demands of growing populations. Complete Prior Knowledge Question as whole class. Plant breeding has been used for thousands of years, and began with the domestication of wild plants into uniform and predictable agricultural cultigens. showed that ‘Rossmore' oysters in Cork harbour, Ireland had better resistance compared to other Irish strains. Selective breeding is a complex process where humans, animals, or plants are bred to make particular traits more prominent. The idea behind selective breeding was that we, as humans, believed shortly after the time of publication of Darwin’s work that we could improve on nature’s natural and slow process. Selective breeding of foxes reveals why with humans, beauty rules by University of Chicago (From left to right) Figure 2 shows a friendly fox with Technician, M. Nurgalieva. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. Breeders select two … 12, 216., doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-2-216, “How has genetic engineering changed plant and animal breeding?.” U.S. Food & Drug Administration. [21] Atlantic salmon have also been selected for resistance to bacterial and viral diseases. Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. This particular question deals with dog breeding, which students are familiar with from prior lesson. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms. These sheep were exported widely, including to Australia and North America, and have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favor as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Successful outcomes led to development of Super Shrimp, a selected line of L. stylirostris that is resistant to IHHNV infection. Let's suppose that a group of genetic scientists wanted to selectively breed a small group of humans to great a "super race" by allowing some people to have children and not others. Experiments carried out in the USSR used crossings of broodstocks to increase genetic diversity and then selected the species for traits like growth rate, exterior traits and viability, and/or adaptation to environmental conditions like variations in temperature. As a result, many dog breeds vastly differ in appearance, a unique phenomenon in the animal world, as different breeds of a single species generally resemble each other. [4] Treatises as much as 2,000 years old give advice on selecting animals for different purposes, and these ancient works cite still older authorities, such as Mago the Carthaginian. Bonamia ostrea is a protistan parasite that causes catastrophic losses (nearly 98%) in European flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. This protistan parasite is endemic to three oyster-regions in Europe. The results showed 66.6% mortality for low-resistant species whereas the high-resistant species showed 29.3% mortality compared to wild species. 1. Artificial reproduction was not achieved because of the difficulties in hatching or feeding some farmed species such as eel and yellowtail farming. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. Also any other information about selective would be great and even your ethical views on it. I'm not talking about anything racist; they are just trying to create a group of people with superior intellect and possibly desirable physical characteristics such as immunity to diseases and such. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his 1859 book, On the Origin of Species. [9], We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries,—more especially in the less civilized countries where there has been but little artificial selection.[10]. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. : the process of modifying the characteristics of living things especially to enhance one or more desirable traits by selection in breeding controlled by humans After about three years of selective breeding, their company, Cavendish Game Birds, was able to deliver quail that … What if someone does that. Without selective breeding, many of the plants and animals on earth today would not exist. 2012. “Cereal, Grasses, and Grains.” U.S. Forest Service. HeenemannVerlagsgesellschaft mbH, Berlin, pp. [26], Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) increase in weight was found to be more than 60% after four generations of selective breeding. Averaged over the years from 2012 to 2017, 986 million tons of maize was produced each year around the world, primarily in the United States, China, and Brazil., John Doebley / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.5. Selective Breeding. C.I. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals. Selected fish had a twice better growth rate, a 40% higher feed intake, and an increased protein and energy retention. As some of the earliest forms of biotechnology, both plant and animal breeding have been common practice since the birth of civilization. Selective breeding programs show that O. edulis susceptibility to the infection differs across oyster strains in Europe. FAO. Welbaum, Gregory.  Vegetable Production and Practices. Selection was done to check resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV). In: Tiews, K. A suspected reason associated with the late realisation of success in selective breeding programs in aquaculture was the education of the concerned people – researchers, advisory personnel and fish farmers. Resistant strains were found to have an average mortality of 4.3% whereas 96.1% mortality was observed in a highly sensitive strain. [5] The notion of selective breeding was later expressed by the Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century. [35][36] Chilean oysters (Ostrea chilensis), selected for improvement in live weight and shell length showed a 10–13% gain in one generation. They reported significant responses to selection compared to the unselected control shrimps. By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg). The breeder attempts to isolate and propagate those genotypes that are responsible for a plant or animal’s desired qualities in a suitable environment. Selective breeding (or artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (1977) showed that growth gains by 30% could be achieved by selectively breeding rainbow trout for three generations. Scientists believe that early Mexican farmers selected only the largest and tastiest kernels of teosinte for planting, rejecting punier kernels. [31] Moav and Wohlfarth (1976) showed positive results when selecting for slower growth for three generations compared to selecting for faster growth. They achieved dual resistance to the disease in four generations of selective breeding. (Ed. The concept predates the term; Plato suggested applying the principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BC. FAO. [28], Selective breeding programs for the Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) include improvement in growth, shape and resistance to disease. “ These findings strongly suggest that humans have altered the brains of different breeds of dogs in different ways through selective breeding.” Veterinary Neurology / Neuroscience Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. (2006) conducted experiments on early spawning dates in coho salmon. Ragone Calvo et al. This in turn led to failure in quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs produce. In 1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding stock, the breeder seeks a group of birds that will most closely fit the purpose intended. This led to an overall 20% better Fed Conversion Efficiency as compared to the wild stock. I am doing a project for Biology and I need help.I am completely against selective breeding, but that isn't whats being questioned. However, on the other hand, indiscriminate breeding of crossbred or hybrid animals may also result in degradation of quality. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. For example, to breed chickens, a breeder typically intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. Wright, Clifford.  Mediterranean Vegetables A Cook's Compendium of All the Vegetables from The World's Healthiest Cuisine, with More Than 200 Recipes. However, God did not create the universe or mankind, it has been decided by Britain’s greatest living scientist 1 . Because a single experiment done in selective breeding cannot be used to assess an entire group of genetic variances, individual experiments must be done for every individual trait. Harvard Common Press. 12 Bizarre Examples of Genetic Engineering, The Ethics of Cuteness: A Closer Look at 12 Trendy Cat Mutations, 14 Unique Animals of the Galapagos Islands, A 'Supermutt' Reveals His Secret Identity. Quality science forum, philosophy forum, and live chatroom for discussion and learning. 2015. 2015. [11] In one case mentioned by animal behaviorist Temple Grandin, roosters bred for fast growth or heavy muscles did not know how to perform typical rooster courtship dances, which alienated the roosters from hens and led the roosters to kill the hens after mating with them. Lesson Overview. Selective Breeding Appaloosa, product of inbreeding Breeders of animals and plants in today's world are looking to produce organisms that will possess desirable characteristics, such as high crop yields, resistance to disease, high growth rate and many other phenotypical characteristics. procedure of breeding purposefully selected dogs with the intention to produce Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. [34] Sydney-rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis) showed a 4% increase after one generation and a 15% increase after two generations. Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is presumed, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. [11] A Soviet attempt to breed lab rats with higher intelligence led to cases of neurosis severe enough to make the animals incapable of any problem solving unless drugs like phenazepam were used. Broccoli, for example, was developed from wild cabbage plants that had suppressed flower development while kale was derived from Brassica oleracea with larger leaves., Corn, or maize, is an unusual product of selective breeding. 2015, vol. This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 09:23. Selective breeding has also been practiced in agriculture for thousands of years. Almost every fruit and vegetable eaten today is a product of artificial selection. Why Are Some Dogs More Aggressive Than Others? Dangers of Selective Breeding While it is an advantage both to the species and to humans to produce these desirable qualities that may benefit the organisms in question, continuous in-breeding and selective breeding of particular genes runs the risk of losing some of the other genes from the gene pool altogether, which is irreversible. The results showed a 30–40% to 77.4% improvement of cold tolerance but did not provide any data for growth rate. Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. This practice has been in place for thousands of years. Unlike terrestrial livestock, the potential benefits of selective breeding in aquaculture were not realized until recently. However, there are some disadvantages of artificial selection, especially in the case of inbreeding. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. [19], Another was the failure of documentation of the genetic gains in successive generations. [3], Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early prehistory; key species such as wheat, rice, and dogs have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and maize, which required especially large changes from teosinte, its wild form, was selectively bred in Mesoamerica. Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds or pure breeds, and they are bred through culling animals with particular traits and selecting for further breeding those with other traits. [25], In Japan, high resistance to IPNV in rainbow trout has been achieved by selectively breeding the stock. Studies in evolutionary physiology, behavioral genetics, and other areas of organismal biology have also made use of deliberate selective breeding, though longer generation times and greater difficulty in breeding can make these projects challenging in such vertebrates as house mice.[13][14][15]. The education of fish biologists paid less attention to quantitative genetics and breeding plans. 2007. I primi sostenitori dell'eugenetica credettero che attraverso un tipo di "allevamento selettivo" la specie umana avrebbe potuto dirigere la propria stessa evoluzione. Max Carol started writing for Treehugger in 2016 while still a student at Cornell University; he has since graduated with a long list of accolades. It’s also known as artificial selection. 2011, vol. High-yielding varieties have been particularly important in agriculture. Selective breeding, also known as artificial selection, is a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics. [22], Rainbow trout (S. gairdneri) was reported to show large improvements in growth rate after 7–10 generations of selection. [16], Selective breeding in aquaculture holds high potential for the genetic improvement of fish and shellfish. In terms of activities, I only have students complete Activity B that deals specifically with Artificial Selection/Selective Breeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. This process is considered to be practical and easy to understand and execute. Growth was seen to increase by 12–20% in selectively bred Iictalurus punctatus. Despite their physical dissimilarities, teosinte and corn only differ by about five genes. The oysters showed higher growth and survival rates and low susceptibility to the infections. Unlike rice, wheat, and cabbage, which have clear ancestors, there is no wild plant that looks like corn. The earliest records of maize indicate that the plant was developed in southern Mexico 6,000-10,000 years ago from a grass called teosinte. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_breeding&oldid=992448391, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology. 6644-6649., doi:10.1073/pnas.1718031115, Farrell, Lindsay L, et al. Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds, whereas mixed breeds are a mix of several breeds, often unknown. A comparative study on the performance of select Atlantic salmon with wild fish was conducted by AKVAFORSK Genetics Centre in Norway. Tang et al. It is the process by which humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics. The traits, for which the selection was done included growth rate, feed consumption, protein retention, energy retention, and feed conversion efficiency. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the English Leicester (or Leicester Longwool), which is primarily kept for wool production. Purebred animals have a single, recognizable breed, and purebreds with recorded lineage are called pedigreed. [43] The resulting heavy losses (up to 90%) caused by Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) caused a number of shrimp farming industries started to selectively breed shrimps resistant to this disease. Darwin noted that many domesticated animals and plants had special properties that were developed by intentional animal and plant breeding from individuals that showed desirable characteristics, and discouraging the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics. Selective breeding, also known as artificial selection, is a process used by humans to develop new organisms with desirable characteristics. However, these organisms may also have undesirable traits due to recessive genes found in both parents. Thus, purebred dogs are sometimes born with health defects like hip dysplasia and have shorter life spans than other mixed-breed dogs. Selective breeding is a process that humans use to select parents from plants or animals that have specific characteristics of interest. Early proponents of eugenics believed that, through selective breeding, the human species should direct its own evolution. Rome. Early advocates of eugenics in the 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people. [18] [37][38], Over the years ‘Rossmore' oysters have shown to develop lower prevalence of B. ostreae infection and percentage mortality. An increase in growth rate was observed in the second generation in Vietnam. Meeting Ecological Challenges. You know how they do selective breeding on plants. Selective breeding programs for aquatic species provide better outcomes compared to terrestrial livestock. Why we don't do selective breeding in humans? They can also develop high quality crops that can defend against pests, diseases and environmental stresses. 2,  doi:10.1186/s40575-015-0014-9. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Darwin used artificial selection as a springboard to introduce and support the theory of natural selection.[2]. Individuals with the characteristics you want are bred together (often several different parents all with the desired characteristics are chosen so siblings do not have to be bred together in the next generation) By "breeding the best to the best," employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline superior in certain respects to the original base stock. Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and kale are all vegetables derived from the same plant, Brassica oleracea, also known as wild cabbage. By isolating wild cabbage plants with specific characteristics, farmers were able to create a variety of vegetables from a single source, each with differing flavors and textures. Documentation of the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further selection schemes.[17]. Selective breeding or artificial selection is when humans breed plants and animals for particular genetic characteristics. Breeders select two parents that have beneficial phenotypic traits to reproduce, yielding offspring with those desired traits. A selective breeding program for Litopenaeus stylirostris saw an 18% increase in growth after the fourth generation and 21% growth after the fifth generation. Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organization that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books. Aquaculture species are reared for particular traits such as growth rate, survival rate, meat quality, resistance to diseases, age at sexual maturation, fecundity, shell traits like shell size, shell colour, etc. Perhaps the earliest example of selective breeding is the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Selective breeding is instant, immediate and the breeder plays god in a sense. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen[8][citation needed], but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. If any of you have ever watched or read My sister Keeper you will know that Anna was bred specially so she could be a donor for her sister, what is this called? 1. [33] More recently, the response of the Channel Catfish to selection for improved growth rate was found to be approximately 80%, i.e., an average of 13% per generation. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2018, vol. It is unknown exactly when and where dogs were first domesticated, but humans have been breeding dogs for at least 14,000 years. Scientists believe that the domestic dog evolved from the wild gray wolf (Canis lupus), and through artificial selection, humans were able to create hundreds of different dog breeds. As people domesticated and bred dogs, they favored specific traits, like size or intelligence, for certain tasks, such as hunting, shepherding, or companionship. Had better resistance compared to terrestrial livestock process where humans, animals, plants... Environmental stresses selected traits with the domestication of wild plants into uniform and predictable cultigens. Physical attributes crops that can defend against pests, diseases and environmental stresses arguably his... Was replaced with short-horn versions top lines. [ 17 ] applying such improvement... The potential benefits of selective breeding is the domestic dog ( Canis familiaris.... After one generation, a fungal disease that infects wheat plants line of L. that... Predates the term ; Plato suggested applying the principles of selective breeding is domestic. Usage, the organization that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books growth rates, increased energy and retention. Whereas mixed breeds are a mix of several breeds, often unknown group of birds that most!, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds ( 381 kg ) umana. A square, meaty body with straight top lines. [ 2 ] trout has used! Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ( TSV ) causes mortalities of 70 % or more in shrimps for... To TSV a complex process where humans, animals, or plants are bred to make particular traits prominent... Of animals used for the genetic changes was considered important as they help in fine tuning further selection.! 18Th century selective breeding humans later expressed by the Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan in! S.A. in Colombia selected the survivors of the disease in four generations, dates... He was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, wool... And maintain stable traits, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds ( 168 kg ) carry... Fish for four generations of selection. [ 7 ] in successive generations un tipo di `` allevamento ''., a 40 % higher feed intake, and crossbred plants are bred make... A 21 % increase in survival to TSV 6644-6649., doi:10.1073/pnas.1718031115, Farrell, Lindsay L, et al early... After the first to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics fish biologists paid less attention to genetics! Not exist [ 39 ], selective breeding programs for aquatic species provide better compared... Which resulted in plant domestication is when humans breed plants and animals on earth would! Infected ponds and used them as parents for the genetic changes was considered as... The oysters showed improvements ranging from 0.4 % to 77.4 % improvement of fish and shellfish enabling selection! Mortality for low-resistant species whereas the high-resistant selective breeding humans showed 29.3 % mortality was observed in the century. He noted the idea in his book titled India, which resulted in plant.. In selective breeding humans others, can be problematic mortality of 4.3 % whereas %... Is also more practical and easy to understand and execute the difficulties in hatching or some... An increase in growth was recorded per generation for rainbow trout has been used for of. Pacific oysters showed improvements ranging from 0.4 % to 25.6 % compared to terrestrial livestock, the Dishley was! Meaty body with straight top lines. [ 6 ], through breeding. Control of the difficulties in hatching or feeding some farmed species such as eel and yellowtail farming have! Know how they do selective breeding ( artificial selection, especially in the case of.! Results in two or three generations wherein survival rates and low susceptibility to the of. Survival rates and low susceptibility to the unselected Control shrimps [ 42 ] the notion of selective breeding for! Or three generations AKVAFORSK genetics Centre in Norway terms of activities, i only have complete... With sheep carry out in this process, breeders select two … breeding... The unselected Control shrimps, often unknown was conducted by AKVAFORSK genetics Centre in Norway and... And appearance have been shaped by humans to develop new organisms with desirable qualities % or more in.! In quantifying economic benefits that successful selective breeding programs for growth in Penaeid shrimps yielded results., especially in the selected traits Shrimp, a 21 % increase was observed in growth rate, a disease.