Complicating the argument was the myth of a South American origin, advocated by some 19th-century scholars and popularised in the 20th century by the archaeologist Thor Heyerdahl. The rat, which cannot swim and cannot disperse to islands without the help of humans, was believed to be brought along on voyages as a food source (Robins, 1). Researchers at the museum now believe the “ceramic portraits” could be “ways of expressing religious ideas held by early Pacific Islanders” (Field Museum), which helps explain the significance of the design and supports the hypothesis that Pacific Islanders originated from a single people. There are many different theories of how the Polynesian Islands were settled, and how these settlers managed to find and voyage to these islands that are in some of the remote places in the world. Archaeology suggests that the migration eastward occurred in roughly two waves, the first occurring in the Bismarck Archipelago, Samoa and Tonga from 1600–1200 BC, and the second occurring later and spreading to the outer reaches of the Polynesian Triangle, bordered by Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand. Cette théorie a été, depuis, réfutée par la communauté scientifique, celle-ci ayant prouvé que ce continent n’avait jamais existé et que l’apparition simultané de l’homme en différents points du globe était improbable. 10 Jan. 2011. The Polynesian language that eventually emerged was a combination of several primitive Aryan tongues. During El Niño events, these winds may persist for longer and extend further east (Finney, 402). “The winds were favourable for Polynesian migration in this couple of hundred year period,” Ian says. Despite predominant easterly winds in the subtropical Pacific, Polynesian navigational skills and the aid of cyclic or seasonal changes in the winds and currents enabled dispersal from the western Pacific to islands as distant as Easter Island and Hawaii. It is of particular interest for understanding the origins of the both There are two main types of island in the Pacific: continental and oceanic. American Association for the Advancement of Science 141.3580 (1963): 499-505. Le premier s'est produit il y a 50 à 70 000 ans, et a amené des Homo sapiens … According to this view, Polynesians are mainly a part of a migration wave that came out of Taiwan. Additionally, Polynesian society was highly stratified, and territory was divided between ari’i, or noble families. His team at Macquarie University in Sydney revealed several windows around 800-1300 AD when it was easier to sail from the central Pacific, around Tonga and the Southern Cook Islands, to NZ and Easter Island. The origins of the Pacific’s diverse peoples can be traced back along seaways to mainland Asia. A study conducted by J. Koji Lum et al. Honolulu, HI: Bess, 2002. On maps a geological division called the Andesite Line runs between the two regions; oceanic islands lie to the east of the line. A Norwegian adventurer named Thor Heyerdahl argued in 1947 that all the experts had it wrong. Artifacts created from volcanic rocks can be traced back to their sources using both design of the object and chemical composition. Their first thought was, ‘How did they get here?’ Over the past two centuries, anthropologists, archaeologists, scientists and historians have been trying to pinpoint the … 10 Jan. 2011. Anthropologist Marshall Weisler’s “Hard Evidence for Prehistoric Interaction in Polynesia” uses x-ray fluorescence and analysis of chemical factors such as alkali composition and extent of melting and cooling to divide a cross-section of basaltic artifacts into categories, which likely correspond to rough source locations. The first subjects are from Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, and Micronesia; the second are from Hawaii and Samoa; and the third are from French Polynesia, with one Samoan subject sharing similar DNA (Lum, 576-577). The theory making Taiwan the ancestral Polynesian homeland rested partly on evidence from mitochondrial DNA inherited only from mothers. 2.d. Continental islands lie in the western Pacific, and oceanic islands in the eastern Pacific. Weisler, Marshall I. L'Océanie est un ensemble géographique dont les frontières sont discutées, mais qui regroupe généralement l'Australie, la Nouvelle-Guinée, la Mélanésie, la Micronésie et la Polynésie [Note 1]. Web. 12-15. "Prehistoric Polynesian Puzzle." He further elaborates on the multitude of factors involved, suggesting that “we should expect to find, among other things, that human cognitive processes of planning, decision-making, collective action and the like must have been part of what happened, e.g. He argued that it was not possible for the Polynesians to have sailed east from Melanesia into the Polynesian triangle because both the winds and currents constantly would have been against them. American Anthropologist 87.1 (1985): 9-26. Geographical Journal, 1950. The similarity in iconography is unlikely to be coincidental, especially if it had religious significance, because this suggests a coherent belief system that may have spread as a whole. This causes the prevailing south-easterly trade winds to weaken, while the frequency of westerly winds increases. A second Weisler study used ratios of lead isotopes to further analyze the geochemistry, a method that may result in more accurate placement of artifacts in place and time. The timing and nature of the migration of the ancestors of the Polynesian people is debated by two competing theories. The Polynesian peoples themselves provide clues to their prehistoric origins via DNA testing. However, while he proved that such a voyage could theoretically occur, he lacked evidence to prove that such a voyage in fact had occurred. https://libguides.stalbanssc.vic.edu.au/polynesian-expansion, The Polynesian expansion across the Pacific, Polynesian Explorers: Packing a Waka Interactive - Puke Ariki Museum Libraries Tourist Information Taranaki New Zealand. Le peuplement préhistorique de l'Océanie s'est fait à travers deux grands mouvements d'expansion. However little evidence supports his theory apart from the use of sweet potatoes in both areas. Ferdon, Edwin N. "Polynesian Origins." The presence of sweet potatoes in Polynesia, for example, which are native to South America, suggests that the two civilizations must have had some interaction. However, there is evidence of trade and contact among disparate Pacific Island societies, and it is possible that Polynesians may have come in contact with those to both their east and west. The two main theories today are called the Express Train Hypothesis and the Slow Boat Hypothesis. Web. 115. This northern migration had passed over the Bering Strait into the Americas before doubling back to colonize eastern Pacific islands like Easter Island. Web. Finney, Ben R. "Anomalous Westerlies, El Nino, and the Colonization of Polynesia." Kamehameha School Press, 1995. Setting off in simple rafts, they gradually dispersed through the large islands of South-East Asia. Timetable: 2 lessons. Today, however, strong linguistic, cultural, and archaeological evidence from research in both the physical and social sciences points to colonization originating in Southeast Asia or Indonesia. Mutual Publishing Company 1996. Web. The author even suggests that Polynesians may have willingly explored the east with this knowledge, and “may have welcomed the appearance of such westerly winds in the hurricane-free months, and then used them to explore to the east to find out what islands rise out of the sea in the direction from which the trade winds blow” (Finney, 405). Lecture. The human settlement of the Pacific in general, and the origin of the Polynesians in particular, have been topics of debate for over two centuries. There are three theories regarding the spread of humans across the Pacific to Polynesia. "Pre-European Polynesia." Samoan Culture 3.1 a. Mataj system and Land tenure 3.1 b. Decision-makingprocess of soalaupule 3.1 c. Tautua and fa'alayelaye and fesoasoanj 3.1 d. Aig,a and kinship networks 3.1 e. Church as integral part of fa'a-Samoa 3.2. JSTOR. Polynesia in Early Historic times. "The Peopling of the Pacific." While these islands are separated by thousands of miles of open ocean, Pacific islanders’ methods of sailing and navigation were likely well-developed and quite accurate. Stone tools dated to around 800,000 years ago have been found on the island of Flores, midway between Java and Australia. Finney, Ben. JSTOR. Heyerdahl, Thor. Specialized stone adzes were used by prehistoric islanders in Melanesia for a variety of purposes, including cutting down trees for canoe-building, hollowing out built canoes, and even clearing vegetation for agriculture (Clark, 19). One of the supposed theories is the Indigenous Taiwanese theory also an explanation on A theory he based on the physical … While motives for prehistoric migration cannot be known, a number of possibilities present themselves for speculation. (9) Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. While west-to-east migration is nearly universally accepted in the academic world, there is some interesting evidence suggesting prehistoric contact, if not migration, between Pacific Islanders and Amerindians in modern-day Peru. As shown, there is believable proof that the Maori transmigrated from Polynesia. (8) An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Abraham Fornander. The eastern Pacific is virtually empty, and huge areas of ocean had to be crossed to find remaining islands. Did these people travel eastwards from Papua New Guinea or westwards from South America in their occupation of Polynesia? American Anthropologist 93.2 (1991): 383-404. How did they manage to successfully navigate the Pacific Ocean across vast distances using primitive technology and without maps? According to Edwin M. Ferdon, “without population control, this was likely to become a cyclic issue" (502). Finney, Ben. Woods Hole, MA. Easter… Cann said evidence for the Taiwan theory is both genetic … During the last 5,000 years there have been periods when El Niño weather patterns became more frequent. He argued that it was not possible for the Polynesians to have sailed east from Melanesia into the Polynesian triangle because both the winds and currents constantly would have been against them. 2011. and are clearly associated with the Lapita Cultural Complex. Thor Heyerdahl was the Norwegian scientist in 1940s who theorized the origin of Polynesians from South America using the Kon tiki raft to prove possible species migration. They reconstructed a double-hulled voyaging canoe in order to test both its seaworthiness and the efficacy of traditional (i.e., noninstrumental) navigation methods over the long ocean routes that Polynesians had once … 3.1.1 Le continent englouti; 3.1.2 L’origine indo-européenne des Océaniens; 3.1.3 L'origine sud-américaine; 3.2 L'origine asiatique. The smaller arrows show their migration through Melanesia and across the Pacific. Emergence of West Polynesian culture However little evidence supports his theory apart from the use of sweet potatoes in both areas. The Marquesas Islands were reached between 200 BC and 300 AD, and although the evidence is so … Stories about his exploration on his canoe, the Matawhaorua or Matahorua, differ from region to region but often feature a fight with a great wheke (octopus). Stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. Polynesian origins are most immediately traced to people who arrived in the Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa region ≈3,000 B.P. According to Patrick V. Kirch and Robert Green, whose study of cultural evolution in Polynesia was published in Current Anthropology, “the tribes, societies or ethnic groups of ‘Triangle Polynesia’ share a physical type, systemic cultural patterns, and historically related languages which allow them to be grouped together as a unit of historical analysis or … a phylogenetic evolutionary unit” (Kirch and Green, 164). This research was conducted in Hawai‘i by Rebecca Cann, professor of genetics and molecular biology at the University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine. Probably, exploring voyagers made discoveries and then returned home; migrating voyagers could then set off, sailing directly to known destinations. Samoan Migration: … in 1994 identified three distinct gene clusters shared by most Polynesians in the study. American Association for the Advancement of Science March 2, 2001 291.5509: 1735-737. The chance of any voyage resulting in a new discovery was low. In short, the reasons that Pacific peoples dispersed from west to east may never be known, given the complexity of human decision making; there were probably a host of factors involved, including a limitation of resources but also including various other socio-emotional reasons. 4 Jan. 2011. Pukui. 11 Jan. 2011. In a speech given at the Society for American Archaeology meeting in 1997, John Edward Terrell of Chicago’s Field Museum acknowledged that motives for migration are too impossibly complex to determine centuries after the occurrence (Terrell, 2). Early European explorers like James Cook noted similarities in the language used on different islands thus establishing a link between Pacific peoples. According to a 1992 BYU publication, “A basic view held by the Church is that Polynesians have ancestral connections with the Book of Mormon people who were descendants of Abraham and that among them are heirs to blessings promised Abraham’s descendants” (1110). Thor Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki is perhaps the best known of these “studies,” but while Heyerdahl’s work was widely publicized, his methods and lack of professional expertise undermined his conclusions. Eventually, they reached Australia and New Guinea, which were then connected by a land bridge. According to the Field Museum of Chicago, new understanding in the iconography–now interpreted to represent sea turtles–helps to “fill the temporal gap between practices and beliefs in Lapita times and the present day” (Field Museum). The Pacific was the first ocean to be explored and settled, and its history is one of the voyages. Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau & M.K. When European explorers discovered the Polynesian people on there islands, there was a consistent present of the slim built Polynesian … Clark highlights the existence of trade and the transport of goods from one island to another, and while he does not explicitly argue for the existence of inter-island exchange of people it is not difficult to imagine that this would exist among a people for whom trade was so well-established. Cultural similarities, such as the presence of outriggers on canoes from New Zealand to Melanesia to the Society Archipelago, also point to a shared ancestry. Because migration from South America to the Polynesian Islands would be easily facilitated by prevalent easterlies in the tropical Pacific, several prominent scholars made claims that islanders were descended from ancient Peruvians or other Amerindian peoples. Polynesia includes all the islands within what is generally called the Polynesian … Why was New Zealand one of the last places on Earth to be discovered by Humans? There were two distinct voyaging periods. (Phys.org) —Two teams of researchers describe new developments in understanding early Polynesian migration. Oliver, Douglas L. "The Ancestral Polynesians." The Theories of Polynesian Migration. This region includes the existing Sulawesi, Lombok and Timor Islands. 10 Jan. 2011. The “Express Train” and “Slow Boat” theorie s assert that the migration of the Proto-Polynesian people began around 6,000 years before present (BP) or around 10,000 years BP respectively. Subjects with the three clusters live in geographic clusters as well. JSTOR. His July 1986 excursion on the Hokule‘a, a historically reconstructed Hawaiian voyaging canoe, found that “during the voyage those days in which winds blew from an easterly, trade wind direction were outnumbered by those days in which the wind blew from the north, northwest, southwest, and south, all directions favorable for sailing to the east” (Finney, 403). The combination of these two studies strongly implies that Polynesians are descended from Melanesians and more distantly from Southeast Asians, but are genetically distinct from indigenous South Americans in locations such as Peru and Colombia. Decorated Lapita pottery evolved into Polynesian plainware, and there were other changes in technology and settlement. ... Trois modèles ont été élaborés sur la migration de cette population de Taiwan vers la Polynésie [15] : Express Train model; D'après ce modèle élaboré dès 1985 par l'archéologue Peter Bellwood, vers 2 500 av. "Hard Evidence for Prehistoric Interaction in Polynesia." The Mormon Church has also spread the idea of east-west migration. (10) The Polynesians Prehistory of an Island People. Early theories ranged from mythical hero navigators who discovered new lands and returned home with sailing directions, to accidental voyagers who drifted away from islands to which they could not return. While the prevalent wind direction in the eastern tropical Pacific is easterly, seasonal and cyclic anomalies based on El Niño periodically enable travel from west to east. Instead, Heyerdahl proposed that the Polynesians must have left the west coast of South America and sailed westwards into Polynesia. While the most obvious wind patterns would seem to contradict the Lapita ancestry model, prehistoric islanders could indeed have sailed west to east if they waited for seasonal or periodic changes. Then a more modern explorer, Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl sailed from Peru to Polynesia largely by ocean currents, suggesting South America was the Polynesian homeland. 328 June 2010. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. JSTOR. This is a 2003 translation of PULEMELEI in the two native Polynesian languages. In 1973 several people, all based in Hawaii, founded the Polynesian Voyaging Society in order to evaluate various theories of Polynesian seafaring and settlement. Similarly, biological researchers have been able to link settlements through the remains of animals introduced by voyagers, particularly the Polynesian rat (R. exulans). When we talk about migration, it is important to distinguish between some terms that, although they are quite similar, they have different connotations.So, let’s look at them separately.The first term that we need to Because islands have finite resources, changes in marine ecosystems or weather could easily impact food supplies and place strain on a growing society. Heyerdahl’s experimental voyage was widely publicized and was the accepted narrative for Polynesian migration for decades. Many New Zealand place names, preserved by later generations of Māori people, recall his journey. It could be speculated that disagreements between factions could have created tension, encouraging one or more families to settle elsewhere, and that one “noble” family’s “subjects” would follow. The first explorers had no maps or navigational instruments, and there has been spirited debate among sailors and scholars as to how they settled the region. By contrast, a similar study was conducted in South America, with the result that Amerindians were found to be “distinct from those [mutations] found among potential ancestral populations in Asia and elsewhere” (Rickards, 525). The group found common genetic mutations among about 30-40% of East Asians and nearly all Polynesians and many Hawaiians studied (Lum, 571). The path of the Lapita is marked by pottery with distinct geometric designs found in more than 200 South Pacific locations, from Papua New Guinea to Samoa (Field Museum). Ben Finney, both an anthropologist and a founding member of the Polynesian Voyaging Society, found that periodically, Southern Hemisphere trade winds weaken and weaker westerly winds prevail. According to many tribal narratives, Kupe was the first Pacific explorer to discover the islands of New Zealand. (2000) and ... with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone for migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia. SPICE Lecture. “Deciphering the riddle of Lapita.” Pacific Anthropology at the Field Museum. Peter … The new data suggests the epic voyage could have been achieved in a couple of weeks during these climate windows, four times faster than during other periods with less favourable wind conditions – especially when travelling in the type of canoe … “Polynesian mitochondrial DNAs reveal three deep maternal lineage clusters.”Human Biology 66.4 August 1994. The men were able to fish for food and obtain rainwater from storms; the decidedly unseaworthy balsa wood held together quite well; and the predominant easterlies blew the voyagers quite directly to Polynesia. La théorie ancienne la plus connue du peuplement préhistorique des Philippines est celle de H. Otley Beyer, fondateur du Département d'anthropologie de l'Université des Philippines.Beyer a exercé une grande influence sur la première génération d'historiens et d'anthropologues philippins [7]. While the myth of Amerindian origin has been debunked in the academic community for decades, highly publicized dissenters cloud the general public’s perception of ancient Polynesian migration. 9 Jan. 2011. Perspectives: different points of view or theories about the Polynesian expansion across the Pacific Significance: ... • Students investigate various theories of Polynesian migrations, including those of Thor Heyerdahl, relating to ancient crossings of the Pacific Ocean. The researchers grouped subjects’ DNA into three “major lineage clusters,” all of which share common nucleotide deletions or substitutions. 567-590. On an isolated island with limited resources, it is not difficult to imagine that overpopulation would occasionally occur and encourage portions of the society to migrate. JSTOR. Woods Hole, MA. Terrell reminds us that “people had been sailing around the Solomons and the islands of the Pacific to the west of that archipelago for a very long time” before the first migration (Terrell, 6). Because this method takes both chemical ratios in the mantle and the age of the rock into account, it is able to narrow possible obsidian sources further than the previous method (Weisler 2, 1882). Polynesian Migration RoutesPolynesian centers. Over the past two centuries, anthropologists, archaeologists, scientists and historians have been trying to pinpoint the origins of Polynesians and to explain how they spread across the region we today call Polynesia...a number of issues still cause debate among specialists on the subject. Although this scenario of the immediate origins of … The patterns occur when waters of the tropical eastern Pacific warm up. 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